Mythology and Religion

Gender Issues Of Advertising An Regulation Synthesis Of...

Florida International University†¨ â€Å"Gender issues in advertising--an oversight synthesis of research: 1970-2002† By: Lori D. Wolin Source: Journal of Advertising Research. 43.1 (Mar. 2003): p111. Document Type: Article Date of publication: 26 Feb. 2015.†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨ Victoria Perez†¨ SYG 2000- Introduction To Sociology (U03)†¨ April 3rd, 2015†¨ Professor Oueslati-Porter †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Summary of Article†¨ In the article â€Å"Gender issues in advertising- an oversight synthesis of research†, Professor Lori D. Wolin, a graduate of Florida Atlantic University and professor at Lynn University, gives insight on the gender roles and stigmas that are assigned to society, knowing first hand from advertising and being a test subject to the gender roles that gender roles play a key role in marketing and that the assignment can be harmful and are necessary to analyze to keep from creating a further stigma in society. Wolin explains that the difference in advertisement towards males and advertisement towards females are vastly varying and play an importa nt part in the way advertisement furthers the instillment of gender roles. †¨ Gender is used every day as a marketing technique in order to sell products because it can be applied to a vast majority of people, can be identified by anybody, and it is easy to tell what is and is not a best seller according to reactions and reviews from society. In order to get an accurate amount of research, theShow MoreRelatedMarketing Report for LOreal6541 Words   |  27 Pagesproducts, active cosmetics. They mainly focus on skin care, make-up, hair care and fragrance. LOreal includes some important brands such as Lancà ´me Paris, Garnier, Mabelline, Softsheen Carson, Matrix, and Biotherm. LOreal invests heavily into its research and development which gives them competitive advantage over its competitors. We as a group are going to produce a strategic marketing plan for LOreal. PART 1A PEST Analysis for LOreal Political Factors Ââ€" The political challengeRead MoreThe Effects of Advertising on Children33281 Words   |  134 PagesTelevision Advertising to Children A review of contemporary research on the influence of television advertising directed to children Prepared for ACMA by Dr Jeffrey E. Brand May 2007  © Commonwealth of Australia 2007 This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the ManagerRead MoreQualitative Research Methods Essay13327 Words   |  54 Pagesqualitative research methods: case study, phenomenological, and grounded theory. Synthesize the findings and determine which is best suited to a study on your potential dissertation topic. Analyze the issues associated with sample selection, validity, and bias in such a study. Qualitative Research Methods Introduction It is common for researchers to compare qualitative and quantitative research methods. Quantitative methods originate from positivist and post- positivist research paradigms. Read MoreHow Tv Commercials Influence Consumer Cosmetic Products Purchasing Decisions18056 Words   |  73 PagesIntroduction and Overview 4 1.1 Research background 4 1.2 Introduction of selected case 6 1.3 Research aim and questions 10 1.4 Methods of the study 11 1.5 Research significances 11 1.6 Thesis structure 12 Chapter Two: Literature Review 12 2.1 Advertising 13 2.1.2 TV commercials 18 2.1.3 Elements of TV commercials 21 2.2 Customer behavior 23 2.2.1 Theoretical foundation 23 2.2.2 Factors influence consumers purchase decision 24 2.3 The relationship between advertising and customer behavior 26Read MoreInternational Strategy of Coca-Cola4191 Words   |  17 Pagesinvesting millions on naira back into the countries in which they are operating. Legal factors that could pose an environmental threat to the Coca-Cola company include new legislation or regulation of food and beverage products. Activists are trying to push for more government involvement in product advertising and labelling. While in many laws have already been passed in this regard, expanded or new laws could threaten the company by creating more overhead expenses and decreasing the profit marginRead MoreIntroduction to Marketing Revision Notes8991 Words   |  36 Pagessupply, where demand exceeded supply, there was little competition, and the range of products was limited. This phase took place after the industrial revolution. 2. Sales Period, 1920s-1950s: focus on personal selling supported by market research and advertising. This phase took place after WW1. 3. Marketing Period, 1950s-1980s: more advanced focus on customer needs. This phase took place after WW2. 4. Societal Marketing Period, 1980s-present: stronger focus on social and ethical concernsRead MoreWomen on Corporate Board of Director14863 Words   |  60 Pagescompanies more profitable and better governed. It is because a woman is more likely to take a collaborative approach to decision-making and reach a broader consensus with buy in from all players. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to use rules, regulations and traditional ways of doing business or getting along. â€Å"It’s the ‘Mom effect.’ Men are less prone to lose their temper or be alpha males when a lady joins the board,† say McMaster business school Professor Chris Bart. And having one or more womenRead MoreManagement and Page Ref11976 Words   |  48 Pagesfor a manager to quickly rise in the corporate ranks. Diff: 2 Page Ref: 8 Topic: What Managers Do Skill: AACSB: Analytic Skills Objective: Successful Managerial Activities Quest. Category: Concept/Definitional LO: 2 16) According to Luthans research, successful managers, meaning those that were quickly promoted, spent more of their time on ________ than on any other activity. 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Appendix. 22 8.1 Appendix A: Starbucks’ Mission Statement. 22 8.2 Appendix B: Findings from the GLOBE Research Project. 24 8.3 Appendix C: Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. 26 1. Introduction. Starbucks Corporation is a global coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle. Washington, United States. Starbucks sells coffee, handcrafted beverages

Apple External and Internal Analysis Free Essays

Introduction Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products. Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 in the heart of Silicon Valley, and incorporated January 3, 1977. We will write a custom essay sample on Apple External and Internal Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computers Inc. , but dropped the word computer because it wanted to expend its products beyond just computers. Steve Jobs was a co-founder and the CEO before. Today, Apple operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries, and an online store where hardware and software products are sold. SWOT: Apple Inc. , the manufacturers of Macs, iPods, iPhones, iPads and professional software, has achieved great success since it began in 1977. It’s difficult to predict what will happen to this company in the future, but a SWOT analysis (which measures the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to a business) can help to understand the company’s current position and where it may go in the future. Strengths Apple’s strengths are being a design innovator that is ahead of the trends, creating ergonomic electronics that fit people’s lives. Specifically, Apple has been able to invest significantly in research and development, having invested $80 million in the quarter ending in June 2010. Weaknesses Apple acknowledges that its profitability is dependent on the global economy. Economic downturns can have a significant negative effect on the company, and fluctuations in foreign currencies make profit predictions in foreign markets uncertain. Opportunities Apple is expected to introduce a new mobile advertising platform for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad. The introduction of this advertising platform represents an opportunity for new revenue sources. Threats Apple is involved in several legal actions, including lawsuits alleging patent infringement and antitrust violations. Many of the suits are from smaller companies, but notable plaintiffs include Nokia. These lawsuits present a threat because of the possibility of unfavorable judgments and the ongoing costs associated with legal defenses. How to cite Apple External and Internal Analysis, Papers

Transformation of Simon Armitage poem Untitled Essay Example For Students

Transformation of Simon Armitage poem Untitled Essay I am very bothered when I think of the bad things that I have done, especially when I was thirteen and at Moorly High School. It was one particular science lesson after registration. It all started off on a busy and hectic morning when I was preparing myself to go to school. Oh I gotta get ma bag, wheres ma bag? Need it for skool, socks wheres ma socks? I hate mornings. Bloomin useless. Simon come on love, you will be late for school. God I wish shed give me a rest. Always on my back, gor drivin me round the twist. Wheres ma socks cant find em, useless. We will write a custom essay on Transformation of Simon Armitage poem Untitled specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hurry Simon the bus is here, your going to miss it darling. Im not a flamin kid anymore. I am thirteen and she still treats me like a baby, Im grown up now when will she gimme a chance? Cos I can catch the bus by ma sen these days! I wish shed jus leave me alone. Ok bye love, have a nice day at school, stay out of trouble and watch your dinner money. Ill be home when you get in. Bye. Watever, like leave me alone! Man she jus dunt kno wen to giv up and I kno how to look after my dinner money. I hav learnt summit in my time at skool! Looking back now I can see how arrogant and horrible I was towards my mother. I really didnt appreciate at the time the amount she cared and did for me. She was just looking out for my best interests and trying to give me the best start in life that she possibly could. All I could do was insult her with very degrading and nasty unappreciative comments that she just did not deserve. I can see this now and how it has reflected in my life because I know for a fact I would not be in the same position today if my mum acted in any other way earlier in my life. Its bloomin freezing out ere, ma face is numb and my hands feel as cold as icicles I wish that stupid bus wud hurry up. Anymore of this and I wont be here much longer. Alright Simon didnt see you there. How long hav you been waiting? Peace and quite please! I hav jus woke up my eyes are shining, ears are buzzin Im flamin freezin and I dont want a loser like Colin speaking to me. Why isnt this stupid bus cumin? Im gunna go berserk. Are you ok Simon lad? You look terrible. I look terrible? Really? Its probably because I am freezin and I hav jus woken up. Any way its not as if you are the best lookin geezer in the World so shut it! Oh Thank God. Finally the bus is here. Its about time. At a 10 past bloomin 8, its ten minutes late. I am cold, tired, I wish I wa still in bed, comfortable, warm and snug. Wow better put my arm out or the stupid bus wont stop, silly idiot cant he see me? 45p lad? Have you brought your half fare pass? Cos Im gunna have to charge you full fare if you aint brought it. 90p then. In future lad bring ure pass cos you is gettin grown up and need a pass. I dont believe this, wat a looser! Can my day get any worse? What have I done to deserve this? First my Mums been bugging me, then this fat ugly plod on the bus asking for my half fare pass! Someone help! Lets jus hope the resta ma day is buzzin after this. I hope Jessica is in today cos that will certainly cheer me up. Hi Simon, youre looking awfully fine this morning, your hair is looking really nice, what have you done today that is different? Have you used a different gel or summat cos it looks really nice. You smell great too! Huh you dont have to tell me that ladies, I already know! I just wish Jessica thought the same about me, she is so nice its the best thing about skool, certainly betta than maths, English and geography . I would go out with her so bad. I can see it now-her by my side it wud be ace. That would be a perfect day. Heh, if only, keep dreaming boy. Yes, Jessica Armitage, my first true love. The hours I must have spent thinking of her and dreaming that we were together. I might have got some good grades in my exams if I had paid more attention to revising and doing my work. It seems silly now though but I really couldnt stop thinking about her and I would have done anything to be with her. Its the only real reason I went to school to see that gorgeous body and beautifully crafted face. .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .postImageUrl , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:hover , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:visited , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:active { border:0!important; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:active , .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u199403287abc103032bfc8606f880c6f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Judith Beveridge s Poetry EssayShe was some girl; only problem was that just about every other boy in the school had a liking for her too. Comical really! About time. Finally at school I thought we would never get here, the driver was going as slow as a snail. Dont they teach them how to put their foot down these days? It took twenty minutes to do a five minute bus ride. He must hav been goin about 20mph and thats even without fat Harry on the bus! Sometimes I would rather walk; it would probably be faster and I wouldnt hav to spend 90p to get here! Such a bad mornin I really hope the afternoon beats this. Crikey, better hurry up, the bell has gone. Need to get to tutor group, what a joy! Rodger Hilton? Yes Sir Jane Johnson Yes Sir Simon Armitage? Wheres Simon? Has anyone seen him? How stupid are teachers? Does he need some glasses? Why cant he see me? Im right in the middle of the class sat with Tom Redwood behind Jason and Carla and in front of Paul and Rodger. Its so simple. I wish teachers could be scrapped for robots. There well stupid, they cant call em selves humans, they are like aliens or summat. Oh there you are. Speak up in future please Simon Mr Smith, my form tutor was a strange and peculiar man. He never seemed to get any respect from the pupils. I had him for Geography and he had no control of the lessons. We never did any work as he was too bothered about getting everyone quiet. At the time that was good because I didnt too much like working but now it just seemed like a complete waste of time. Im surprised that he never got sacked, he was hopeless, smelt horrible and his breath smelt like something most commonly associated with a toilet. He was one of those teachers that all pupils have nightmares about. Oh no, Science with Mrs Carlton. I really hate the subject and I jus cant stand the teacher she is so nasty, evil and she always picks on me its reight harsh. Ive skived a couple of times to avoid it but I cant today cos we av got an experiment. The only good thing about this lesson is that Jessica is in it too so I get to see her for a full hour. Woow, Im late, better hurry up. Simon you are five minutes late! You knew that we had an important experiment today. Now take your coat off, put your lab jacket and goggles on and start the experiment with Lee. Come on, hurry up Simon. Great Ive wanted to do this lesson for ages. We get to use the Bunsen burners and some chemicals, great fun. The only bad thing is that I av to work with Lee. He is such a loser and Jessica will not be impressed cos Im working with him and he will cramp my style. She is working with Laura and they are opposite to us so jus play it cool and dont do anything dumb. Come on Simon lets get the stuff set up so we can start and get some cool results. I really want to show Mrs Carlton that my prediction was right; she might give me a green slip then. That will make forty for the year. My Mum will be so impressed. Hes so clever and annoying as he is always the first to have his hand up in class and always gets his homework in on time. I dont know how he does it. He is a complete Mummys boy. I bet she still baths him too. OK Simon I will set it all up. Just come over in two minutes to can turn on the Bunsen and we can then get started. See wat I mean, he is far too keen for my liking. He should be cool like me and play it easy. Then you might get a girl like Jessica. Who cares bout work when you hav good lookin birds like her to chase around. .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .postImageUrl , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:hover , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:visited , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:active { border:0!important; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:active , .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157 .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c515a3ad406b665e511890f5abd2157:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poems from other cultures and Traditions: Blessing by Imtiaz Dharker EssayWoo, there she is looking awfully fine. I was too lazy and laid back at school. I should have done more work instead of trying to stare up all the girls. I would have got some respectable exam results if I had put some more work in and gone to University to make a real go of my life. At the time I was more interested in drinking cans of White Lightening cider at the bus stop at the top of Rowley Lane with Tom and Dave rather than doing my Maths homework on multiple equations and long divisions. I suppose thats how it is when youre that age though. Hey Simon its all set up and ready to go. Lets start the experiment. I wonder how I could really impress her and make her like me? I jus wish I had the answer. How do lads like Jack and Tim get to spend so much time with her? Its not as if they are cool like me, they dont even wear designer clothes they r right binners. Simon are you coming? I really want her. Wat shall I do? Think, think! There must be something, Im so worked up about her and I jus need to let her kno, how though? Cmon Simon think please brain, I dont ask you to do much jus think, please jus this one time, I beg! I was very desperate I didnt really know what I felt. I think it was the combination of a few frustrating things. Firstly Lee was really annoying. He kept bothering me trying to make me do that experiment. Plus I had liked her for so long and really wanted to go out and it was getting to me. It was just a rush of blood I panicked. Ok I think I hav an idea. Wat if I made married her, that way she would be mine forever and would neva forget me, that would be a tru sign of love and affection. Now where shall I get a ring from that will never come off? This is so cool jus think me and Jessica finally together. If I use really hot burnin scissors and place the handle on her finger then that wud be show my life long love for her. I was crazy, I have no explanation for this, it was a ludicrous and mad idea that was very selfish and disrespectful of me. My hands are getting well tired from holding these scissors over this blazin Bunsen, I need em to be scortchin then we will be united and she will be my life long partner, this is wat I hav been dreamin of! I think they are hot enuff now. Where is she? Cant see her? Oh few shes there over by the bin sharpening her pencil all alone. How romantic this is perfect both of us will be together without anyone botherin us. Right lets walk up to her and giv her the ring. Arghhh! My finger, its hot someone please help! Help! Those are the last words I remember before been pushed up to the headmasters office by Mrs Carlton and a load of witnesses who were all fired to tell on my nasty doings in the class of 73. Soon after this I got expelled after Jessicas parents insisted that I was not fit to be at school. That science lesson was the last I saw of her but I still see pictures of her every time I think about my eventful school days. Every time I take my little boy into school I get the smell of branded skin ringing through my nose like the pollution blown out from an industrial tower. I can still imagine flashbacks of the lilac flames in the Bunsen Burner and the pain suffered because of a young innocent boy who was in love. Marked, the Doctors said, for eternity. I never got to say sorry, but at thirteen, it was my way of asking you to marry me.

Reform Judaism In The 19th Century Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Reform Judaism In The 19th Century Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Reform Judaism in the 19th Century The most extreme precursor to the Reform movement was a man by the name of Samuel Holdheim. He was born in 1806 in Kempo in the province of Posen. At a young age he studied at a yeshiva and received a Talmudic education. He began to study German and secular subjects after his marriage to a woman with a modern education. After their divorce several years later, he began studying at the University of Prague and Berlin and received a doctorate from the University of Leipzig. Following service in Frankfurt -Am-Oder he became a Landesrabbiner or chief Rabbi of Mecklenberg-Schewerin. In the year 1847 he became the rabbinate of a reform congregation in Berlin . At this point he already disapproved of most liberal Rabbis and came to be known as the most exemplar of reform Rabbis in all of Europe ( 241) The question comes to mind as to what exactly triggered this different belief in Judaism which differed significantly from previous tenents. It started during the time of the French revolution, a time when European Jews were (for the first time) recognized as citizens of the countries in which they lived in. Ghettos were being abolished, special badges were no longer required and Jews could dress the way they wanted, settle were they pleased and work the occupations they desired. Many Jews settled outside of Jewish districts, and began to live like their neighbors and speak the language of the land. They went to public schools and began to neglect Jewish Studies and forget about he Shulchan Aruch. In 1815, after Napoleon's defeat, Jews lost the rights of citizenship in many countries. Many Jews converted to Christianity in order to retain those rights. Many thoughtful Jews were concerned about this. They realized that many of these changes took place not because of a dislike for Judaism, but in order to obtain better treatment. Many rabbis believed that the way to address this was to force Jews to give up public schools and universities. This didn't work. Rabbis suggested that observance might have to be changed in order to appeal to the Jew living the modern world. They realized that every now and then old practices and new ones were introduced, resulting in a different lifestyle then 4000 or even 2000 years previously. They fathomed that these changes often made life easier for the Jew. They concluded that in order to make Judaism attractive to all Jews this change had to continue. A group of Rabbis assembled in Germany, and changes began, thus developed the start of Reform Judaism. Holdheim a reform Rabbi himself felt that the Jews living during his time period should change the laws given to them at Mt. Sinai and the halacha that the Talmud and Mishna state. Holdheim believed that the laws of the Torah and the Talmud that were in effect when the Jews had their own country and government have lost their legitimacy. Judaism now had to be in accord with both the letter and the spirit of laws of the nations they were living among. Even the laws of the Torah whose source was God had to be regarded as valid for certain times and places as he said " with the change of the circumezces and conditions of life for which God once gave those laws , the laws themselves cease to be operative, that they shall be observed no longer because they no longer can be observed". Thus , Holdheim said that the biblical and Talmudic laws concerning marriage, divorce and personal status are no longer relevant and the Jews in these cases should be ruled by the state government (Sasson 835). He concluded that laws between man and man should be left to the rule of the state they lived in but questions of prayer and religious institutions should be left to the Rabbis because prayer was the most important part of religious life. Holdheim denied the authority of the Talmudic dicta, the oral law. He says that it was written by the hand of man but was divinely inspired. His conclusion was that Jewish life should be based on spiritual and ethical guidance of the Torah. Even though

The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea

The Medieval Joseon Dynasty of Korea The Joseon Dynasty (1392 to 1910), often spelled Choson or Cho-sen and pronounced Choh-sen, is the name of the last pre-modern dynastic rule in the Korean peninsula, and its politics, cultural practices and architecture reflect an explicitly Confucian flavor. The dynasty was established as a reformation of the hitherto Buddhist traditions as exemplified by the preceding Goryeo dynasty (918 to 1392). According to historical documentation, the Joseon dynastic rulers rejected what had become a corrupt regime, and reconstructed Korean society into the precursors of what is today considered one of most Confucian countries in the world. Confucianism, as practiced by the Joseon rulers, was more than simply a philosophy, it was a major course of cultural influence and an overriding social principle. Confucianism, a political philosophy based on the teachings of the 6th century BC Chinese scholar Confucius, emphasizes the status quo and social order, as a trajectory aimed towards creating a utopian society. Confucius and Social Reformation Joseon kings and their Confucian scholars based much of what they perceived as the ideal state on Confucius stories of the legendary Yao and Shun regimes. This ideal state is perhaps best represented in a scroll painted by An Gyeon, the official court painter to Sejong the Great  (ruled 1418 to 1459). The scroll is titled Mongyudowondo or Dream Journey to the Peach Blossom Land, and it tells of Prince Yi Yongs (1418 to 1453) dream of a secular paradise supported by a simple agricultural life. Son (2013) argues that the painting (and perhaps the princes dream) was likely based in part on the Chinese utopian poem written by the Jin dynasty poet Tao Yuanming (Tao Qian 365 to 427). Dynastic Royal Buildings The first ruler of the Joseon Dynasty was King Taejo, who declared Hanyang (later to be renamed Seoul and today called Old Seoul) as his capital city. The center of Hanyang was his main palace, Gyeongbok, constructed in 1395. Its original foundations were built according to feng shui, and it remained the main residence for the dynastic families for two hundred years. Gyeonbok, along with most of the buildings in the heart of Seoul, was burned down after the Japanese invasion of 1592. Of all the palaces, Changdeok Palace was the least damaged and so was rebuilt shortly after the war ended and then used as the main residential palace for Joseon leaders. In 1865, King Gojong had the entire palace complex rebuilt and established residence and the royal court there in 1868. All of these buildings were damaged when the Japanese invaded in 1910, ending the Joseon Dynasty. Between 1990 and 2009, the Gyeongbok Palace complex was restored and is today open to the public. Funeral Rites of Joseon Dynasty Of the many reformations of the Joseons, one of the highest priority was that of the funeral ceremony. This particular reformation had considerable impacts on 20th-century archaeological investigations of Joseon society. The process resulted in the preservation of a wide variety of clothing, textiles, and papers from the 15th through 19th centuries, not to mention mummified human remains. Funeral rites during the Joseon Dynasty, as described in the Garye books such as the Gukjo-ore-ui, strictly prescribed the construction of tombs for the members of the elite ruling class of Joseon society, beginning in the late 15th century AD. As described by the neo-Confucian Song Dynasty scholar Chu Hsi (1120-1200), first a burial pit was excavated and a mixture of water, lime, sand, and soil were spread on the bottom and the lateral walls. The lime mixture was allowed to harden to a near-concrete consistency. The body of the deceased was placed in at least one and often two wooden coffins, and the entire burial covered with another layer of the lime mixture, also allowed to harden. Finally, an earthen mound was built over the top. This process, known to archaeologists as lime-soil-mixture-barrier (LSMB), creates a concrete-like jacket that preserved virtually intact coffins, grave goods, and human remains, including over a thousand pieces of very well preserved clothing for the entire 500 year period of their use Joseon Astronomy Some recent research on Joseon society has been focused on the astronomical capabilities of the royal court. Astronomy was a borrowed technology, adopted and adapted by the Joseon rulers from a series of different cultures; and the results of these investigations are of interest to the history of science and technology. Joseon astronomical records, studies of sundial construction, and the meaning and mechanics of a  clepsydra made by Jang Yeong-sil in 1438 have all received investigations by archaeoastronomers in the last couple of years. Sources Choi J-D. 2010.  The palace, the city and the past: controversies surrounding the rebuilding of the Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul, 1990–2010.  Planning Perspectives  25(2):193-213.Kim SH, Lee YS, and Lee MS. 2011.  A Study on the Operation Mechanism of Ongnu, the Astronomical Clock in Sejong Era.  Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences  28(1):79-91.Lee E-J, Oh C, Yim S, Park J, Kim Y-S, Shin M, Lee S, and Shin D. 2013.  Collaboration of Archaeologists, Historians and Bioarchaeologists During Removal of Clothing from Korean Mummy of Joseon Dynasty.  International Journal of Historical Archaeology 17(1):94-118.Lee E-J, Shin D, Yang HY, Spigelman M, and Yim S. 2009.  Eung Taes tomb: a Joseon ancestor and the letters of those that loved him.  Antiquity  83(319):145-156.Lee K-W. 2012.  Analysis of Korean astronomical records with Chinese equatorial coordinates.  Astronomische Nachrichten  333(7):648-659.Lee K-W, Ahn YS, and Mihn B-H. 2012.  Verification o f the calendar days of the Joseon Dynasty.  Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society  45:85-91. Lee K-W, Ahn Y-S, and Yang H-J. 2011.  Study on the system of night hours for decoding Korean astronomical records of 1625–1787.  Advances in Space Research  48(3):592-600.Lee K-W, Yang H-J, and Park M-G. 2009.  Orbital elements of comet C/1490 Y1 and the Quadrantid shower.  Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society  400:1389-1393.Lee YS, and Kim SH. 2011.  A Study for the Restoration of the Sundials in King Sejong Era.  Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences  28(2):143-153.Park HY. 2010.  HERITAGE TOURISM: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood.  Annals of Tourism Research  37(1):116-135.Shin DH, Oh CS, Lee SJ, Chai JY, Kim J, Lee SD, Park JB, Choi I-h, Lee HJ, and Seo M. 2011.  Paleo-parasitological study on the soils collected from archaeological sites in old district of Seoul City.  Journal of Archaeological Science  38(12):3555-3559.Shin DH, Oh CS, Shin YM, Cho CW, Ki HC, and Seo M. 2013  The pattern of ancient parasite egg contaminati on in the private residence, alley, ditch and streambed soils of Old Seoul City, the Capital of Joseon Dynasty.  International Journal of Paleopathology  3(3):208-213. Son H. 2013.  Images of the future in South Korea.  Futures  52:1-11.

The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy Essay - 1

The Positioning, Entrepreneurial and Cognitive Schools of Strategy - Essay Example It is most commonly used in conducting research on linguistic, history, communication, psychology, political science, education and the study of complex organizations (Waltz, et al, 2010). Strategy content research is especially used in conducting research targeting the often extremely turbulent nursing and healthcare research programs because it is able to provide a basic and relevant approach is suitable in both approaching and retrieval of information and data from a large number of sources in a manner that can be perceived as being more objective and systematic in comparison to intuitive listening or reading this is, in addition to its utility as, a feasible tool in data analysis strategy when one conducts qualitative research (Waltz, et al, 2010). When applied in the conduction of quantitative research, the method invokes the objective simplification and reduction of the recorded data and language to a simple set of categories each representing frequency, intensity or presence of selected characteristics. Strategic thinking is critical in order for one to be able to engage in an effective, strategic planning process. There are several actions that a person can undertake to enable them conduct an effective, strategic planning process. A person needs to try and engage in activities, whether physical or mental that support and encourage the development of strategic thinking on their part. Individuals are encouraged to try and participate in creative art forms. It also greatly aids an individual if the said individual secures the services of a good mentor or coach who can be able to guide them through essential reflective processes involving critical reflection, critical dialogue and critical inquiry. This should be done until it eventually becomes a habit (Sloan, 2012). The use of Constructivist approach can also aid in ensuring adequate mental processes are carried out before an effective mental planning process can be carried